Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Control Designed for Coordinated Fast Frequency Reserves

Modern power systems present low levels of inertia due to the growing shares converter-interfaced generation. Consequently, renewable energy sources are increasingly requested provide frequency support. In addition, loss, requirements regarding containment reserves (FCR) becoming tough meet with traditional units such as hydro, whose non-minimum phase (NMP) characteristic reduces closed-loop stability margins. The shortcomings synchronous generation motivates new protocols for fast (FFR). this work, we design a wind turbine (WT) model useful FFR. It is shown that dynamical WT, in providing steady-power or slow FCR support, suitably described by first-order transfer function NMP zero. WT tested 5-machine representation Nordic grid. designing controller coordinates FFR from hydro turbines. By simulating disconnection 1400 MW importing dc link detailed nonlinear model, it wind--hydro combination not only satisfies latest regulations, but also presents smooth response avoiding overshoot and secondary dips during recovery.